# ESP32 FlatPanel — Build Notes

## Bill of Materials

| # | Item | Qty | Notes |
|---|------|-----|-------|
| 1 | Arduino Nano ESP32 | 1 | ESP32-S3 based, USB-C |
| 2 | MG995 servo | 1 | Cover open/close (D9) |
| 3 | SG90 micro servo | 1 | Spare / future use |
| 4 | 28BYJ-48 stepper | 1 | Spare / future use |
| 5 | IRLZ44N N-ch MOSFET | 2 | Logic-level; one for LED, one for dew heater |
| 6 | 100 Ω resistor ¼W | 2 | Gate series resistors |
| 7 | 10 kΩ resistor ¼W | 2 | Gate pull-downs |
| 8 | LM2596 buck converter module | 1 | 12V → 5V for ESP32 + servo |
| 9 | 12V DC power supply ≥ 4A | 1 | LED 2A + dew 0.5A + servo 1A peaks |
| 10 | White LED strip 12V (high-CRI ≥ Ra90) | 1 | Length to match aperture |
| 11 | Frosted acrylic sheet 3mm | 1 | Cut to telescope OD |
| 12 | Resistive heating tape / nichrome mat 12V | 1 | ~24 Ω for 6W; see sizing table below |
| 13 | Stripboard / perfboard | 1 | For wiring the MOSFETs and resistors |
| 14 | JST-XH connectors or screw terminals | set | For detachable wiring |
| 15 | Heat shrink tubing assorted | pack | For all soldered joints |
| 16 | Kapton tape 10mm | 1 roll | Securing heater element to acrylic |
| 17 | M2/M3 screws, standoffs | set | Mounting ESP32 and stripboard |
| 18 | 1N4007 diode (optional) | 1 | Reverse polarity protection on 12V input |
| 19 | Multimeter | 1 | **Required** for LM2596 calibration |

### Dew heater element sizing

| Resistance | Power @ 12V | Suitable for |
|------------|-------------|--------------|
| 48 Ω | 3 W | Refractor up to 80mm |
| 24 Ω | 6 W | Refractor 80–150mm (**recommended starting point**) |
| 16 Ω | 9 W | Newtonians 150–250mm |
| 12 Ω | 12 W | Large apertures 250mm+ |

> PWM control means the average power is `P × (percent/100)`, so it is fine
> to overspec the element and run it at 30–50%.

---

## Tools Required

- Soldering iron + solder (60/40 or lead-free)
- Wire strippers and cutters
- Multimeter (essential for LM2596 setup)
- Hot glue gun or epoxy (for mechanical parts)
- Small Phillips screwdriver
- Isopropyl alcohol + cotton swabs (flux cleanup)
- PlatformIO CLI or IDE for firmware flashing

---

## Step-by-Step Build Instructions

### Phase 1 — LM2596 Calibration  ⚠ Do this FIRST before connecting anything else

1. Connect **only** the 12V PSU to the LM2596 `IN+` and `IN−` terminals.
2. Set your multimeter to DC voltage, probes on `OUT+` and `OUT−`.
3. Adjust the LM2596 trimmer pot (small brass screw):
   - Clockwise → voltage **increases**
   - Counter-clockwise → voltage **decreases**
4. Dial to **5.00 V ± 0.05 V**.
5. Disconnect the PSU. The buck is now calibrated and safe to use with the ESP32 and servo.

> Connecting the MG995 to an unregulated or high-voltage supply will burn out
> the servo electronics instantly.

---

### Phase 2 — Stripboard Layout

Recommended wire colour convention:

| Colour | Rail |
|--------|------|
| Red | 12 V positive |
| Orange | 5 V positive |
| Black | GND |
| Blue | PWM signal |
| Yellow | Servo signal |
| Grey | Load output (LED−, Heater−) |

Lay three horizontal bus strips along the top of the board:
- `12V` bus (red)
- `5V` bus (orange)
- `GND` bus (black)

Place both MOSFETs at the bottom edge of the board, flat faces to the right, legs bent 90° and inserted vertically:

```
IRLZ44N  (flat face → you)
  Pin 1: Gate   ← 100Ω from ESP32 PWM, 10kΩ to GND
  Pin 2: Drain  → load negative (LED− or Heater−)
  Pin 3: Source → GND bus
```

---

### Phase 3 — MOSFET-A (LED Panel) Wiring

1. Insert MOSFET-A into the stripboard.
2. Solder a 100 Ω resistor between **Gate** and the pad that will connect to **D3** on the ESP32.
3. Solder a 10 kΩ resistor between **Gate** and the **GND bus**.
4. Solder **Source** to the **GND bus**.
5. Run a wire from **Drain** to the negative lead of the LED strip (mark it grey/black).
6. Solder a wire from the positive lead of the LED strip to the **12V bus**.

> Test at this point: apply a 3.3V signal to D3 connection. The LED strip should illuminate.
> If it stays on at 0V, check the 10kΩ pull-down is correctly placed Gate→GND.

---

### Phase 4 — MOSFET-B (Dew Heater) Wiring

Repeat Phase 3 for MOSFET-B, using **D5** instead of D3, and the heating element instead of the LED strip.

The heater element positive lead connects to the 12V bus; negative to MOSFET-B drain.

---

### Phase 5 — MG995 Servo Wiring

The MG995 uses a standard 3-wire connector:

| Wire colour | Connection |
|-------------|------------|
| Brown or Black | GND bus |
| Red | **5V bus** (from LM2596 — NOT 3.3V or raw 12V) |
| Orange or Yellow | D9 on ESP32 |

> The MG995 draws up to 1A under load. Always power it from the regulated 5V
> rail. If the servo twitches or buzzes after connecting, re-check the LM2596
> output voltage — it should not drop below 4.8V under servo load.

---

### Phase 6 — ESP32 Power and Ground

1. Run a wire from the 5V bus to **VIN** on the Arduino Nano ESP32.
2. Run a wire from the GND bus to **GND** on the ESP32.
3. Do **not** power the ESP32 from the 3.3V pin — that is an output, not an input.

---

### Phase 7 — Firmware Configuration and Flash

1. Open `firmware/src/config.h` and edit:
   ```cpp
   #define WIFI_SSID       "your_network_name"
   #define WIFI_PASSWORD   "your_password"
   ```
2. Tune servo angles (power the servo and watch physical movement):
   ```cpp
   #define SERVO_CLOSED  0    // panel in flat position
   #define SERVO_OPEN    90   // panel clear of telescope
   ```
3. For USB-only operation (no WiFi debug output on the serial line):
   ```cpp
   #define SERIAL_DEBUG  false
   ```
4. Flash via PlatformIO:
   ```
   cd flatpanel
   pio run -t upload
   ```

---

### Phase 8 — First Power-On Checks (ordered sequence)

Work through this list in order. Stop if any step fails.

**Step 1 — Bench test buck converter**
- Measure 5V bus at LM2596 OUT+ with no loads connected.
- Must read 4.9–5.1V. Adjust if needed.

**Step 2 — ESP32 power**
- Connect ESP32 to 5V bus and GND bus only.
- Open a serial monitor at 9600 baud. You should see the boot message and a WiFi IP address printed.
- If nothing appears: check VIN wiring.

**Step 3 — WiFi / Alpaca API verification**
- Open a web browser and navigate to: `http://<IP>:11111/management/v1/configureddevices`
- You should see a JSON response including `"DeviceType":"CoverCalibrator"`.

**Step 4 — Servo test**
- Using a serial terminal at 9600 baud, send: `>O000` (open cover command)
- You should hear the servo move and receive: `*O19000`
- Send `>C000` to close. Adjust `SERVO_OPEN`/`SERVO_CLOSED` angles and reflash if needed.

**Step 5 — LED panel test**
- Send: `>B100` then `>L000`
- The LED strip should light up at ~39% brightness.
- Measure the voltage at MOSFET-A Drain — it should be near 0V when the LED is on (the load pulls it low).

**Step 6 — Dew heater test**
- Send: `>T050` (50% power)
- Wait 30 seconds. The heater element should be noticeably warm to the touch.
- Send: `>T000` to turn off.

**Step 7 — Full integration test**
- Launch `controller/flatpanel_controller.py` (`pip install PyQt6 requests pyserial` first).
- Connect in WiFi mode.
- Exercise all controls: cover, brightness slider, dew heater slider.
- Confirm the log shows successful commands and the status dots update.

---

### Phase 9 — Mechanical Assembly

1. **Flat panel diffuser**: cut the frosted acrylic to the outer diameter of your telescope tube. A friction fit or 3D-printed retaining ring works well.
2. **LED strip**: arrange in a spiral or grid on the rear of the acrylic. Secure with the adhesive backing or a thin layer of silicone.
3. **Dew heater**: run the heating element in a serpentine pattern across the face of the acrylic (the side facing the telescope). Secure with Kapton tape. Do not cover the diffuser surface with tape.
4. **Cover hinge**: mount the MG995 so it rotates the panel into and out of the optical path. A 3D-printed bracket is the cleanest approach. Set `SERVO_CLOSED` so the panel seats flush against the scope aperture.
5. **Enclosure**: mount the ESP32, stripboard, and LM2596 in a weatherproof ABS enclosure on the focuser end of the scope. Use cable glands for the 12V input, USB-C, servo lead, and LED/heater wires.

---

## Software Setup

### Windows — ASCOM

1. Download and install [ASCOM Platform 6.6+](https://ascom-standards.org/Downloads/Index.htm).
2. Download and install [ASCOM Remote](https://github.com/ASCOMInitiative/ASCOM.Remote/releases) — the Alpaca bridge.
3. In ASCOM Remote setup, add a new **CoverCalibrator** device:
   - IP address: `esp32-flatpanel.local` (or the IP from the serial monitor)
   - Port: `11111`
   - Device number: `0`
4. In your capture software (N.I.N.A., SGPro, APT), choose **ASCOM CoverCalibrator** and select the ASCOM Remote device.

### Linux / Raspberry Pi — INDI

```bash
# Install dependencies
sudo apt install libindi-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev nlohmann-json3-dev cmake build-essential

# Build the custom INDI driver
cd flatpanel/indi-driver
cmake -B build -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr
cmake --build build -j$(nproc)
sudo cmake --install build

# Test standalone
indiserver indi_esp32_flatpanel
```

In **KStars / Ekos**:
- Profile Editor → add Aux device: `ESP32 FlatPanel`
- In the driver's Connection tab: select WiFi or USB mode, enter host/port or serial port.

### FlatPanel Controller App (all platforms)

```bash
pip install PyQt6 requests pyserial

# Run
python flatpanel/controller/flatpanel_controller.py
```

- Select **WiFi** or **USB** mode with the radio buttons.
- WiFi: enter the ESP32's hostname or IP and port 11111.
- USB: pick the COM port from the dropdown (click ⟳ to refresh).
- Click **Connect**.

---

## Troubleshooting

| Symptom | Likely cause | Fix |
|---------|-------------|-----|
| Servo twitches/buzzes constantly | 5V rail sags under load | Re-measure LM2596; verify 5V at servo connector under motion |
| LED stays on even at 0% | Gate pull-down missing | Solder 10kΩ Gate→GND on MOSFET-A |
| LED at wrong brightness or inverted | Firmware PWM inverted? | Check `LED_PWM_PIN` and `LED_PWM_CHANNEL` in config.h |
| No WiFi after flashing | Wrong SSID/password | Edit config.h, reflash |
| Alnitak `>P000` gets no response | `SERIAL_DEBUG true` corrupts line | Set `false`, reflash |
| Cover angle wrong | SERVO_OPEN/CLOSED values wrong | Tune in config.h, reflash |
| Dew heater not warming | R too high, or MOSFET-B wiring issue | Measure Drain voltage with heater on; should be near 0V |
| Python app can't find serial port | Driver not loaded (Windows) | Install CH340 or CP210x driver for ESP32 USB |
| Connection refused on port 11111 | ESP32 not on WiFi yet | Check serial monitor for boot messages |
| INDI driver build fails | Missing libindi headers | `sudo apt install libindi-dev` |

---

## Revision History

| Version | Date | Change |
|---------|------|--------|
| 1.0 | 2026-05-17 | Initial release: WiFi/Alpaca, servo, LED PWM |
| 1.1 | 2026-05-17 | Added USB/Alnitak mode, 12V dew heater, Python controller app |